Acute Effect of Breathing Exercises on Heart Rate Variability in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study

26 subjects, including 12 with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) (7 female, 5 male; 54.9±7.4 years) and 14 age-matched normoglycemic control subjects (12 female, 2 male; 54.7±6.8 years).

Breathing protocol consisting of two 10-min bouts of randomly assigned uni-nostril breathing (UNB), preceded and followed by 5-min periods of dual-nostril paced breathing (PB).

Age-matched, normoglycemic (CON) population undergoing the same breathing protocol.

Heart rate variability (HRV) measured by standard deviation of normal-to-normal consecutive heartbeats (SDNN), square root of the mean squared differences in successive normal heartbeats (RMSSD), and total spectral power (TP).surrogate