Hybrid swarm intelligence methods for energy management in hybrid electric vehicles

This study deals with energy management (EM) in hybrid electric vehicles. This study designs EM as an optimisation problem, then, optimises it using particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and some of its hybridisations. This study will be first in the literature to introduce PSO to the problem of EM in electric field. Moreover, this study proposes some novel applications of hybrid PSO, such as PSO–DE and PSO–QI. Encouraging simulation results obtained in this study that may attract for a case study for practical implementations.