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Carotenoids – prominent antioxidants (= electron donors) – are commonly not recognized as electron acceptors. Nonetheless, carotenoids can take up electrons under mild chemical conditions: dioxocarotenoids in alkaline DMSO and DMF form stable deeply colored carotenoid dianions, which react with different additives to new carotenoid derivatives.
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Øpstad et al. (2010) studied this question.
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