Cervical cancer remains a significant global health burden, with its etiology intricately linked to hormonal influences such as estrogen and progesterone. The effect of estrogen on cervical cancer is dependent upon factors like estrogen receptor subtype and microenvironmental context. Conversely, progesterone has a more complex role, acting as an inducer as well as inhibitor, by coordinating with tumor suppressor genes and cell proliferation markers. Understanding the interplay among these hormones, HPV infection, and cervical carcinogenesis is crucial for improving current preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions. This review outlines the latest insights on how hormones influence cervical cancer development, highlighting their protective and inhibitory effects. It explores the interaction between HPV oncogenes and hormones in cervical cancer progression. Additionally, it consolidates existing knowledge and identifies future research directions, underscoring the potential of hormone modulation as a therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer.
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Rani et al. (2025) studied this question.
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