Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Equations are derived for calculation of sonar reverberation in terms of quantities used in a normal-mode propagation calculation. The equations are suitable for moderate to long ranges and for both surface ducts and shallow water channels.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Bucker et al. (1968) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: