Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Equations are given for the normal-mode calculation of the sound field in a surface duct. The velocity-depth profile is represented as 1/v2 (z) = A sech2(z/H) + B tanh (z/H) + D, a form first used by Epstein for calculating the reflection of radio waves from a transition layer. A comparison of calculated and experimental measurements of propagation loss shows good agreement between theory and experiment.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Bucker et al. (1967) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: