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According to an idea that effective Yukawa coupling constants Yfᵉᶠᶠ are given vacuum expectation values ⟨Yf⟩ of fields (``Yukawaons'') Yf as Yfᵉᶠᶠ=yf⟨Yf⟩/Λ, a possible superpotential form in the charged lepton sector under a U(3) [or O(3)] flavor symmetry is investigated. It is found that a specific form of the superpotential can lead to an empirical charged lepton mass relation without any adjustable parameters.
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Yoshio Koide (2009) studied this question.
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