The effect of continuous intravenous norepinephrine infusion on systemic hemodynamics in a telemetrically-monitored mouse model of sepsis

Fig 1. Flow chart and analyses design. IV: intravenous, CLP: cecal ligation puncture, NE: norepinephrine, D5W: 5% dextrose in water, BP: blood pressure, BT: body temperature.

Fig 2. Each line shows the mean data of each group until 36 hours after cecal ligation puncture (CLP): Vehicle-treated mice (blue; n = 12), and mice treated with norepinephrine (NE) (red; n = 12). A: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), B: heart rate (HR), C: body temperature (BT) baseline values are synchronized by time of day; after CLP, times are synchronized by time after CLP surgery. A gap between baseline data collection and post-CLP/infusion is indicated.

Fig 3. The group with norepinephrine (NE+) treatment (red; n = 12) is compared with the group without NE (NE-)treatment (blue; n = 12) at baseline (2:00 pm), and 6, 18, 30 hours after CLP to evaluate NE effects on MAP, HR, and BT. All significant differences are shown with their p value. A: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), B: heart rate (HR), C: body temperature (BT). t-test, Mann-Whitney’s U test, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and Friedman test were used.

Fig 4. Kaplan-Meier survival curve of norepinephrine (NE)-treated mice (red; n = 34) compared with vehicle-treated mice (blue; n = 31).

Fig 5. Each line shows the mean data of each group from baseline until 36 hours after cecal ligation puncture (CLP), including survivors (blue; n = 13), and mice that died within 7 days (red; n = 11) regardless of norepinephrine (NE) administration. A: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), B: heart rate (HR), C: body temperature (BT) baseline values are synchronized by time of day; after CLP, times are synchronized by time after CLP surgery.

Fig 6. Survivors (blue; n = 13) are compared with mice that died within 7 days (red; n = 11) regardless of norepinephrine (NE) administration, at baseline, and 6, 18, 30 hours after cecal ligation puncture (CLP). All significant differences are shown with their p values. A: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), B: heart rate (HR), C: body temperature (BT). t-test, Mann-Whitney’s U test, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and Friedman test were used.

Fig 7. Each line shows the mean data of each group until 36 hours after cecal ligation puncture (CLP): Survivors without norepinephrine (NE) treatment (dark blue; n = 7), mice that died within 7 days, without NE treatment (light blue; n = 5), survivors with NE treatment (dark red; n = 6), and mice that died within 7 days, with NE treatment (light red; n = 6). A: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), B: heart rate (HR), C: body temperature (BT) baseline values are synchronized by time of day; after CLP, times are synchronized by time after CLP surgery.

Fig 8. Comparison of 4 groups: Survivors without norepinephrine (NE) treatment (dark blue; n = 7), mice that died within 7 days, without NE treatment (light blue; n = 5), survivors with NE treatment (dark red; n = 6), and mice that died within 7 days, with NE treatment (light red; n = 6) at baseline, and 6, 18, 30 hours after cecal ligation puncture (CLP) are shown. All significant differences are shown with their p values. A: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), B: heart rate (HR), C: body temperature (BT). ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey’s post hoc test were used.