Broadband dielectric spectrometry of liquids and biosystems

This review provides a short introduction into the basic principles of dielectric spectroscopy and it covers modern methods in use to measure the dielectric properties of liquid samples over the frequency range from about 10 −6 Hz to 10 12 Hz. The approaches described include frequency domain and time domain techniques, low frequency, high frequency and microwave measurement systems, as well as broadband and spot-frequency modes of operation. Reflection, transmission and resonant methods are presented, sketches of suitable sensors and block diagrams of measurement set-ups are shown. Accuracy aspects and the merits and limitations of the different techniques of measurement are discussed.