The End of the "White Man's Grave"? Nineteenth-Century Mortality in West Africa

main causes of death among French and British military personnel during the nineteenth century in West Africa the West Indies and Southern Asia are compared. The present question is: when and to what extent did West Africa ever become a safe place for European newcomers? [He finds that]....the fall of tropical African death rates was largely a result of declining deaths from malaria and the improvement was concentrated in two periods. first centered on 1839 for Senegal and on 1875 for British West Africa was mainly brought about by the introduction of quinine. second from 1902 to 1914 followed the discovery of the mosquito as the vector for malaria and improvements stemming from the germ theory of disease. (EXCERPT)