From Outrage to Action: Countering the Institutional Response to Sexualized Violence on University Campuses

The migration of immune cells is crucial to the immune response. Visualization of these processes has previously been limited because of the imaging depth. We developed a deep-penetrating, sensitive and high-resolution method to use fast photoacoustic tomography (PAT) to image the dynamic changes of T cells in lymph node and diseases at new depth (up to 9.5 mm). T cells labeled with NIR-797-isothiocyanate, an excellent near-infrared photoacoustic and fluorescent agent, were intravenously injected to the mice. We used fluorescence imaging to determine the location of T cells roughly and photoacoustic imaging is used to observe T-cell responses in diseased sites deeply and carefully. The dynamic changes of T cells in lymph node, acute disease (bacterial infection) and chronic disease (tumor) were observed noninvasively by photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging at different time points. T cells accumulated gradually and reached a maximum at 4 hours and declined afterwards in lymph node and bacterial infection site. At tumor model, T cells immigrated to the tumor with a maximum at 12 hours. Our study can not only provide a new observing method for immune activities tracking, but also enable continuous monitoring for therapeutic interventions.