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Transmission by laser is a cost-effective way to send signals to space vehicles. Signals are encoded so that zeroes and ones are recognized by different intensity levels at the receiver. The process should be optimized so that the gap in intensity between zeroes and ones is large enough that correct decoding will occur even in the presence of noise. Global and local optimization schemes are presented using numerical and analytical techniques. The results obtained produce wider gaps than those currently available.
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Edwards et al. (2025) studied this question.