Ginsenoside compound K plays an anti-inflammatory effect without inducing glucose metabolism disorder in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats

Ginsenoside compound K (GCK) possesses a glucocorticoid (GC)-like structure and functions as an agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects through GR activation. However, it remains unclear whether GCK leads to hyperglycemia, which is a known adverse reaction associated with classical GCs. In this study, we have successfully demonstrated that GCK exerts its anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis without impacting gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathways, thus avoiding any glucose metabolism disorders. By employing the GR mutant plasmid, we have identified the binding site between GCK and GR as GRM560T, which differs from the binding site shared by dexamethasone (DEX) and GR. Notably, compared to DEX, GCK induces distinct levels of phosphorylation at S211 on GR upon binding to activate steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1)-a co-factor responsible for mediating anti-inflammatory effects-while not engaging peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)-an associated coactivator involved in gluconeogenesis.