Activation and mechanism of Clostridium septicum alpha toxin

Clostridium septicum produces a single lethal factor, alpha toxin (AT), which is a cytolytic protein with a molecular mass of approximately 48 kDa. The 48 kDa toxin was found to be an inactive protoxin (ATpro) which could be activated via a carboxy-terminal cleavage with trypsin. The cleavage site was located approximately 4 kDa from the carboxy-terminus. Proteolytically activated ATpro had a specific activity of approximately 1.5 x 10(6) haemolytic units mg-1. The trypsin-activated toxin (ATact) was haemolytic, stimulated a prelytic release of potassium ions from erythrocytes which was followed by haemoglobin release, induced channel formation in planar membranes and aggregated into a complex of M(r) > 210,000 on erythrocyte membranes. ATpro did not exhibit these properties. ATact formed pores with a diameter of at least 1.3-1.6 nm. We suggest that pore formation on target cell membranes is responsible for the cytolytic activity of alpha toxin.