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Hybrid two-fluid and kinetic equations have been used to study ballooning modes in a tokamak. These modes separate into two branches: a modified ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ballooning mode and a toroidally induced ion temperature gradient (η i ) mode. Using both model and actual high beta equilibria we find that the η i mode (η i = ∂ℓn T i /∂ℓn N i ) may dominate the ideal MHD mode for moderate η i (η i ⪆1), leading to substantially lower beta thresholds.
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Dominguez et al. (1986) studied this question.
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