Effect of breathing exercises with biofeedback on blood pressure in pre-hypertensive women: a randomised controlled trial

Introduction Pre-hypertensive women are significantly more likely to develop hypertension or serious cardiovascular disease (CV). Autonomic nervous system abnormalities, such as sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal, are most likely the earliest functional changes in hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of breathing exercises with biofeedback on blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory rate (RR), and skin galvanic response (SGR). Methods Thirty middle-aged women with pre-hypertension (120/80–139/89 mm Hg) were recruited from Ain Shams University. They were divided randomly into two equal groups, with ages ranging from 30 to 40: study group (group A) who performed slow abdominal breathing (six cycles/minute) combined with frontal electromyography (EMG) biofeedback training (3 days per week for 10 sessions) and a control group (group B) who performed slow abdominal breathing (six cycles/minute, 3 days per week for 10 sessions). All subjects were assessed by measuring systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), HRV, RR, and SGR levels before and after the intervention. Results SBP, DBP, RR, and SGR mean values showed a statistically significant decline; however, Group A’s HRV post-treatment increased significantly compared to pre-treatment (p = 0.001). In Group B, there was no significant difference in DBP or SGR; however, there was a substantial drop in SBP and HRV (p = 0.001) and a significant rise in RR (p = 0.001). Following therapy, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of DBP, HRV, RR, and SGR (p = 0.001), favouring group A. Conclusions As a result, it is possible to infer that breathing exercises combined with biofeedback were beneficial in lowering BP in middle-aged pre-hypertensive women.