Metabolic sequelae associated with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the metabolic alterations associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer and to evaluate the evidence linking ADT with an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS: ADT by either bilateral orchiectomy or treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists causes changes in body composition, alterations in lipid profiles, and decreased insulin sensitivity. The spectrum of metabolic changes during ADT is distinct from classically described metabolic syndrome. Population-based, linked cancer registry studies have consistently reported significant associations between ADT and greater risk for diabetes mellitus. Some but not all studies have reported a link between ADT and cardiovascular disease risk. Most studies have reported no increase in cardiovascular mortality following ADT. SUMMARY: ADT appears causally associated with diabetes mellitus. ADT is also linked to cardiovascular morbidity, although there is less evidence that this relationship is causal.