Highlights retropectoral hematoma as a rare but potential complication of biventricular ICD upgrades.
Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation is a common electrophysiology procedure and almost 300,000 devices are implanted yearly.1 The procedure of CIED implantation is safe, with the risk of complication close to 1%. Complications may include infections, bleeding and pocket hematoma, lead dislodgement, perforation, pericardial effusion, and tamponade. The most common reported complication is pocket hematoma.
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Soos et al. (2021) studied this question.
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