Monomeric and Oligomeric Decorsins of the Asian Medicinal Leech Hirudinaria manillensis

Hematophagous leeches rely on a broad diversity of bioactive factors that interfere with the host’s defense systems to secure a successful blood meal. The most prominent examples of such factors are the antithrombotics that address either the primary hemostasis (the platelet aggregation) or the secondary hemostasis (the blood coagulation). Whereas the inhibitors of platelet aggregation mainly cause continuous blood flow, coagulation inhibitors mainly keep the blood fluid within the stomach of the leech. The critical dependency of hematophagous leeches on the accurate action of all antithrombotic factors may explain the presence of multiple genes for each type of these factors that is regularly observed in leech genomes. The genome of Hirudinaria manillensis Lesson, 1842, the Asian buffalo leech, contains five individual genes that encode variants of the coagulation inhibitor hirudin. However, no genes that encode putative decorsins, the archetype of leech-derived inhibitors of platelet aggregation, have been described to date. Here, we report the identification of one monomeric and four multimeric decorsin encoding genes in the genome of H. manillensis. A selection of the putative decorsins was expressed as recombinant proteins, purified and functionally characterized. All but one of these putative decorsins displayed platelet aggregation-inhibitory potencies. Furthermore, we provide a mathematical calculation based on the mechanism of alternative pre-mRNA splicing that illustrates the potential to generate an enormous variety of different factors from one single multimeric ornatin gene.