Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Diabetes Mellitus

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) constitutes approximately 50% of heart failure patients. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in HFpEF is high at 30-40%. The paper provides a systematic review of the pathophysiological features underlying HFpEF in diabetes mellitus. The importance of mechanisms other than left ventricular diastolic dysfunction underlying this important condition is emphasised. Thus, ventricular-arterial coupling & vascular dysfunction together with chronotropic incompetence & cardiovascular reserve dysfunction play an important role. The various morphologic and molecular features occurring in the myocardium and vasculature in diabetes secondary to hyperglycaemia and other metabolic disturbances are also discussed. These include microangiopathy, myocardial fibrosis, increased oxidative stress, impaired calcium homeostasis, activation of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system, autonomic neuropathy, endothelial dysfunction, re-expression of foetal gene response as well as stem cell involvement. Nonetheless, a lot is still unknown and further studies are needed to establish the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms with the hope that novel pharmacotherapies targeting this disease will be developed. In the meantime, cardiometabolic factors, including hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia should be targeted and aggressively treated.