Effects of Capsinoid Intake on Brown Adipose Tissue Vascular Density and Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy, Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flowchart for the selection of subjects. CA-G, capsinoid group; PL-G, placebo group.

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  Figure 2. Mean (± SD) [total-Hb]sup, which is an indicator of brown adipose tissue vascular density in the supraclavicular region, at baseline and at 3 and 6 weeks after ingestion of capsinoid (●) and placebo (○) in all participants (n = 38) (A). Mean (± SD) changes in [total-Hb]sup after the 6-week intervention in all participants (n = 38) (B). There were significant intervention interactions (group × time, p = 0.008) and main effect on the time (p < 0.001), but no main effect on the group (p = 0.573) by using ANOVA. The post hoc comparison between baseline and 3 or 6 weeks showed a significant increase in the [total-Hb]sup (p < 0.001 for 3 weeks and p < 0.001 for 6 weeks, respectively) only in the CA-G (A; ** p < 0.01). A Welch test was conducted and it indicated that there was significant difference between the CA-G and PL-G (B; † p < 0.05). CA-G, capsinoid group; PL-G, placebo group; [total-Hb]sup, total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region.

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  Figure 3. Mean (± SD) REE/kg at baseline and at 6 weeks after ingestion of capsinoid (●) and placebo (○) in all participants (n = 38) (A). Mean (± SD) changes in REE/kg after the 6-week intervention in all participants (n = 38) (B). There were no significant intervention interactions (group × time, p = 0.130) or main effects on the group (p = 0.497) or the time (p = 0.601) according to the ANOVA (A) results. A Welch test was conducted which indicated that there was a significant difference between the CA-G and PL-G (B). CA-G, capsinoid group; PL-G, placebo group; REE/kg, resting energy expenditure per kg.

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  Figure 4. There were significant correlations between [total-Hb]sup and REE/kg in all participants pre-supplementation (A) and only in the CA-G in post-supplementation (B). Pearson’s correlation coefficient is denoted by r. CA-G, capsinoid group; PL-G, placebo group; REE/kg, resting energy expenditure per kg; [total-Hb]sup, total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region.

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  Figure 5. Mean (± SD) REE/kg at baseline and after 6-week ingestion of capsinoid (●) and placebo (○) in the overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) subgroup (n = 24) (A). Mean (± SD) changes in REE/kg after the 6-week intervention in the overweight subgroup (n = 24) (B). There was a significant intervention interaction (group × time, p = 0.020); however, no main effects on the group (p = 0.957) or the time (p = 0.429) were observed by ANOVA. The post hoc comparison between baseline and 6 weeks showed a significant increase in REE/kg (p = 0.041) only in the CA-G (A; * p < 0.05). A Welch test was conducted which indicated that there was significant difference between the CA-G and PL-G (B; † p < 0.05). CA-G, capsinoid group; PL-G, placebo group; REE/kg, resting energy expenditure per kg.