Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Trichostatin A Represses Estrogen Receptor α-Dependent Transcription and Promotes Proteasomal Degradation of Cyclin D1 in Human Breast Carcinoma Cell Lines

PURPOSE: Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-positive breast cancer cell lines are up to 10 times more sensitive than ERalpha-negative cell lines to the antiproliferative activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). The purpose of the study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying this differential response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: In the ERalpha-positive MCF-7 cell line, TSA repressed ERalpha and cyclin D1 transcription and induced ubiquitin dependent proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1, leading primarily to G(1)-S-phase cell cycle arrest. By contrast, cyclin D1 degradation was enhanced but its transcription unaffected by TSA in the ERalpha-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line, which arrested in G(2)-M phase. Cyclin D1 degradation involved Skp2/p45, a regulatory component of the Skp1/Cullin/F-box complex; silencing SKP2 gene expression by RNA interference stabilized cyclin D1 and abrogated the cyclin D1 down-regulation response to TSA. CONCLUSIONS: Tamoxifen has been shown to inhibit ERalpha-mediated cyclin D1 transcription, and acquired resistance to tamoxifen is associated with a shift to ERalpha-independent cyclin D1 up-regulation. Taken together, our data show that TSA effectively induces cyclin D1 down-regulation through both ERalpha-dependent and ERalpha-independent mechanisms, providing an important new strategy for combating resistance to antiestrogens.