Influence of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Infusion on the Subjective Postoperative Quality of Recovery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study selection process.

Figure 2. Risk of bias assessment [26,27,28,31,32,33,34]. D1: bias arising from the randomization process; D2: bias due to deviations from the intended interventions; D3: bias due to missing outcome data; D4: bias in the measurement of the outcome; and D5: bias in the selection of the reported results. Green with Plus Sign (+): Indicates a low risk of bias; Yellow with Question Mark (?): Indicates some concerns regarding the risk of bias.

Figure 3. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the quality of recovery (QoR) on postoperative day (POD) 1 [26,27,28,31,32,33,34]. IV: invariance, Std: standardized, CI: confidence interval.

Figure 4. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the pain dimension on postoperative day (POD) 1 [26,28,31,32,33,34]. IV: invariance, Std: standardized, CI: confidence interval.

Figure 5. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the physical comfort dimension on postoperative day (POD) 1 [26,28,31,32,33,34]. IV: invariance, Std: standardized, CI: confidence interval.

Figure 6. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the emotional dimension on postoperative day (POD) 1 [26,28,31,32,33,34]. IV: invariance, Std: standardized, CI: confidence interval.

Figure 7. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the physical independence dimension on postoperative day (POD) 1 [26,28,31,32,33,34]. IV: invariance, Std: standardized, CI: confidence interval.

Figure 8. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the psychological support dimension on postoperative day (POD) 1 [26,28,31,32,33,34]. IV: invariance, Std: standardized, CI: confidence interval.

Figure 9. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the intraoperative remifentanil use [26,27,28,31,33,34]. IV: invariance, Std: standardized, CI: confidence interval.

Figure 10. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting [26,27,31,33,34]. CI: confidence interval.

Figure 11. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the severity of pain immediately after surgery (i.e., post-anesthesia care unit) [27,28,31,32,33,34] or at 24 h postoperatively [28,32,33,34]. CI: confidence interval. IV: invariance, Std: standardized, CI: confidence interval.

Figure 12. Forest plot showing the impact of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the extubation time [27,33,34] and length of post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stay [27,33,34]. CI: confidence interval. IV: invariance.