Role of Advanced Glycation End Products on Aortic Calcification in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures

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  Figure 1. Diabetic related-complications among serum AGEs levels. The significance of differences between groups were determined using chi-square test (p = 0.009). * p < 0.05 vs. Low AGEs group (<6.5 U/mL).

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  Figure 2. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) score (a) and percentage of patient with no-mild AAC and moderate-severe AAC (b) among AGEs levels in patients with DM2. The significance of differences between groups were determined using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U test for (a); and chi-square test for (b). * p < 0.05 vs. low serum levels of AGEs (<6.5 U/mL).

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  Figure 3. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and optimal cut-off of the following quantitative risk factors associated to moderate-severe AAC (vs. no-mild AAC): age (a), AGEs (b), triglycerides (c) and GFR (d). The optimal cutoff values were determined by the maximum Youden index (J), defined as sensitivity + specificity −1. The table indicate the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and overall accuracy of the optimal cut off values. Abbreviations. AGEs; advanced glycation end products; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.

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  Figure 4. Forest plot (a) and ROC curve (b) of the multivariate logistic regression of risk factors associated to moderate–severe AAC in patients with DM2. Multivariate analysis was performed using stepwise backward method. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) are indicated in the table. Comparison of the expected and observed frequencies by the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (p-value = 0.734) and by ROC curve (AUC = 0.802; p < 0.001) indicated a good fit for the model. AUC = the area under the curve, GFR = glomerular filtration rate.