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The extractive and construction industries rely heavily on accurate geospatial data to control position, location, alignment, and orientation of planned excavations. Recent advancements in the survey industry, through the use of terrestrial laser scanning, can now provide engineering teams with three-dimensional (3-D) data in unprecedented detail via georeferenced point clouds. Furthermore, equipment is now available that provides fully mobile automated mapping solutions, independent of satellite positioning, utilizing simultaneous localization and mapping. This paper evaluates the surveying capability of three fully mobile automated mapping solutions against a benchmark laser scanning survey undertaken at the underground Camborne School of Mines Test Mine facility. The study highlights that handheld automated mapping solutions, in which closed-loops can be formed, have the potential to provide quicker data collection and processing time, as well as the required accuracy for underground surveying applications. However, the automated solution was unable to produce the necessary point cloud density to identify low-angled discontinuities that may have a major safety implication, leading to potential rockfall.
Eyre et al. (2016) studied this question.