Association of Cancer and Its Interaction with Conventional Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Association between cancer history and the risk for CVD. We performed the Cox proportional hazard regression model to disclose the association between cancer history and incidents of CVD. Model 1 included only the presence of cancer history. Model 2 included age, sex, and the presence of cancer history. Model 3 included age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and the presence of cancer history. The incidence rate was per 10,000 person-years. Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) are presented.

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  Fig. 2.. Association of cancer history and chemotherapy with the risk for composite event. We classified study participants into three groups: individuals without cancer history, individuals with cancer history who did not receive active chemotherapy, or individuals with a cancer history who received active chemotherapy within 3 months before the initial health checkup. We performed the Cox proportional hazard regression model using these three groupings. Model 1 included only the three-category classification. Model 2 included age, sex, and the three-category classification. Model 3 included age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and the three-category classification. The incidence rate was per 10,000 person-years. Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) are presented.

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  Fig. 3.. Total population attributable fractions for cardiovascular disease with conventional risk factors. We calculated the total amount of PAFs of overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity for CVD: (a) composite event, (b) MI, (c) AP, (d) stroke, (e) HF, and (f) AF. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model including age, sex, overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity was performed among those with and without cancer history. Using hazard ratios of each risk factor, we calculated PAFs associated with overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity for CVD. Finally, PAFs for each factor were summed. The sums of the PAFs for each factor are presented as unadjusted values. The overall PAFs accounting for the weighted based on the communality of each risk factor are presented as adjusted values. Using a principal components analysis of the tetrachoric correlation coefficient, the communality was calculated as the sum of…