The synthesis of birnessite, cryptomelane, and some other oxides and hydroxides of manganese

Summary Detailed methods are described for the laboratory preparation of the manganese minerals manganosite, hausmannite, manganite, partridgeite, birnessite, cryptomelane, pyrolusite, and todorokite. New data are presented on the conversion of birnessite to cryptomelane, and on the exchange properties of potassium in these two minerals. It was found that the upper limit of potassium in cryptomelane is about 7 % K, while the lower limit lies between 0·25 % and 2·2 % K.