Key result
Earlier age at menopause was associated with depression (P<0.0001), whereas hormone therapy showed no significant association (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.23-1.4).
Why the study?
The study was conducted to evaluate depression in postmenopausal women, explore the relationship between age at menopause, hormone therapy, and depression, and identify potential mediators.
Is age at menopause or hormone therapy associated with depression in postmenopausal women older than 60 years?
Population
7,027 women older than 60 years who completed the PHQ-9 in NHANES
Comparison
Age at menopause and self-reported hormone therapy exposures
Design
Cross-sectional study
Authors
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Earlier menopause was associated with depression; hypothesis-generating for inflammation/insulin resistance mediation before practice implications.
Cross-Sectional (n=7,027)
Yes
Is age at menopause or hormone therapy associated with depression in postmenopausal women older than 60 years?
p-value: p=<0.0001
Earlier age at menopause is associated with depression in older postmenopausal women, a relationship partially mediated by inflammation and insulin resistance, whereas hormone therapy shows no significant association.
Riveros et al. (2025) conducted a cross-sectional in Depression (n=7,027). Earlier age at menopause vs. Later age at menopause was evaluated on Depression severity (PHQ-9 ≥10) (p=<0.0001). Earlier age at menopause was associated with depression (P<0.0001), whereas hormone therapy showed no significant association (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.23-1.4).
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