Nutritional Recommendations for People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Notice of update The DDG clinical practice guidelines are updated regularly during the second half of the calendar year. Please ensure that you read and cite the respective current version. UPDATES TO CONTENT AND DIFFERENT RECOMMENDATIONS COMPARED TO THE PREVIOUS YEARʼS VERSION Change 1: rtCGM and scCGM combined as CGM systems Reason: A distinction no longer makes sense in this context Change 2: Supplementary comment on "Eating patterns" Reason: Increasing findings in T1Dm in the context of a vegetarian/vegan diet Abbreviations ADI Acceptable Daily Intake AID Automatic Insulin Dosing AHEI Alternative Healthy Eating Index BMI Body mass index BW Body Weight CGM Continuous Glucose Monitoring CHO Carbohydrates CSII Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion CU Carbohydrate unit d Day DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DHS Deutsche Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen e.V. (German Central Office for Addiction Issues e.V.) EFSA European Food Safety Authority EN% Energy Percent GI Glycaemic Index HDL High-Density Lipoprotein HEI Healthy Eating Index ICT Intensified conventional insulin therapy kcal Kilocalories LDL Low-Density Lipoprotein MNA Mini Nutritional Assessment MUFAs Monounsaturated Fatty Acids PUFAs Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids RCFAs Red Cell phospholipid Fatty Acids RCT Randomised Controlled Trials SFAs Saturated Fatty Acids T1Dm Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus T2Dm Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus WHO World Health Organization WPFD Whole Plant Food Density Publication History Article published online: 06 May 2025 © 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany