Comparative Evaluation of Steinmann Pin and Intramedullary Interlocking Nail for Tibial Fracture Repair in Caprines

The present study on goats was conducted in two distinct stages to evaluate fracture incidence patterns and comprehensively compare bone healing using different fixation techniques. In Stage I, a retrospective analysis of fracture records from goats presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Bidar, between the years 2017 and 2021 was performed. The epidemiological data revealed that female goats showed a significantly higher fracture incidence (58.88%) compared to males. Seasonal variations were also evident, with fractures occurring more commonly during the monsoon season, likely due to slippery terrain and poor management conditions. Furthermore, hind limbs were affected more frequently than forelimbs, with tibia fractures emerging as the most prevalent long bone injury type recorded. In Stage II, the prospective clinical trial compared fracture healing dynamics using three distinct stabilization methods: static Interlocking Intramedullary Nails (IILN), dynamic IILN and conventional Steinmann pin fixation. Healing progression was systematically monitored through clinical, biochemical and radiological evaluations performed pre-operatively and on post-operative days 30, 45, and 60. Clinical observations indicated that earlier, immediate weight bearing was achieved right after surgery in goats treated with static IILN, owing to its superior rigid stability. Conversely, the dynamic IILN and Steinmann pin groups demonstrated delayed weight bearing, typically by the third post-operative day. Post-operative complications varied by implant type; the Steinmann pin group exhibited pin migration and pin tract infections, whereas the IILN groups showed structural challenges like bolt bending. Radiographic evaluation confirmed minimal periosteal callus formation in IILN-treated fractures, indicating highly stable fixation and direct bone healing. Overall, while Steinmann pinning remains suitable for simple fractures, IILN proved superior for managing complex and comminuted tibial fractures in goats.