Association of skeletal muscle mass and risk of hypertension in Korean adults: secondary analysis of data from the community-based prospective cohort study

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Flow diagram for selection of study participants.

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  FIGURE 2. Kaplan–Meier curve of the incidence of hypertension according to RSM tertiles. Event-free rates are significantly associated with skeletal muscle mass, with the worst event-free survival curve for T1 in (A) men and (B) women. Log-rank tests indicated P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0005 for men and women, respectively. RSM in men: T1, < 72.68; T2, 72.68 ≤ RSM < 76.79, T3, ≤ 76.79; Women RSM: T1: < 63.17; T2: ≤ 63.17 < 67.01; T3, ≤ 67.01. RSM, relative skeletal muscle mass.

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  FIGURE 3. Risk of incident hypertension according to relative skeletal muscle mass in stratified population. Cox hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CI for the risk of hypertension are plotted according to relative skeletal muscle mass (RSM) in stratified population using (A) total daily energy intake, (B) sodium intake, (C) obesity, and (D) abdominal obesity. Men RSM: T1, < 72.68; T2, 72.68 ≤ RSM < 76.79; T3: 76.79 ≤ RSM. Women RSM: T1: < 63.17; T2: ≤ 63.17 < 67.01; T3, ≤ 67.01. Covariates adjusted for Cox proportional hazard model were age, sex, height, level of education, smoking status, alcohol intake, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia at baseline, and SBP, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Criteria for stratification; Intake (% EER): deficient, < 75%; normal, 75–125%; excessive: > 125%. Normal Na: intake below sodium CDRR (2,300 and 2,100 mg at age < 65 and ≥ 65 years, respectively), high Na: intake exceeds sodium CDRR; non-obese, BMI < 25 kg/m2; obese, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. CI, confidence interval; EER, estimated energy requirement; Na, sodium. RSM, relative skeletal muscle mass.