Sigma-Delta Modulators: Tutorial Overview, Design Guide, and State-of-the-Art Survey

This paper presents a tutorial overview ofΣΔmodulators, their operating principles and architectures, circuit errors and models, design methods, and practical issues. A review of the state of the art on nanometer CMOS implementations is described, giving a survey of cutting-edgeΣΔarchitectures, with emphasis on their application to the next generation of wireless telecom systems.