Radiofrequency catheter ablation of a sporadically occurring ventricular arrhythmia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract: A novel arrhythmia induction strategy involving atrial fibrillation provocation

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Electrocardiogram showing sinus rhythm (A) and atrial fibrillation (AF) (B). A: Monomorphic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) with a left bundle branch block–type QRS morphology and inferior axis with V4 transitional zone were observed in sinus rhythm. B: AF increased PVC frequency (top), and repetitive nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was documented (bottom).

• 

  Figure 2. Electrocardiogram recorded in the electrophysiology laboratory: A: at baseline, showing sinus rhythm; B: after isoproterenol infusion; C: during rapid ventricular pacing; D: after atrial fibrillation (AF) induction.

• 

  Figure 3. Activation map for targeting the ventricular arrhythmia in right anterior oblique cranial (RAO-cranial) and left anterior oblique cranial (LAO-cranial) views. The earliest activation was observed at the free wall of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). The red dot indicates the site of the radiofrequency application sites. Ao = aorta.