This paper describes the effects of distributed generation on electric power systems. Distributed generation is a term that refers to the production of electricity near the consumption place. The effects of distributed generation are: short circuit levels are increased, load losses change, voltage profiles change along the network, voltage transients will appear, congestions can appear in system branches, power quality and reliability may be affected and the networks protections may not function properly. A load flow analysis is done for the IEEE 14 system in which a distributed generator is added, that is on-grid or off-grid.
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Dulău et al. (2014) studied this question.