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ELPs Definition and Scope of the PaperWhat was achieved in 2007 with the Treaty of Lisbon, namely the establishment of "Europe" as a political and legal entity capable of action, is still far less developed on a cultural level.The lack of a collective cultural identity is supposed to be remedied by art and culture following the model of the formation of nation-states in the nineteenth century.1The European flag and the European anthem developed in 1985 and 1986 can be interpreted as smaller pieces of a larger endeavor towards European unity.The goal is quite clear: Europe should be perceived more positively by its citizens.2What fundamentally distinguishes 1 Alessandra Goggio, "Alter Kontinent,
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Österle et al. (2023) studied this question.
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