Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous medium on a rotating stretching sheet with dual stratification effects

Purpose This study aims to improve thermal conductivity by employing a ternary hybrid nanofluid containing ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), copper oxide (CuO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles are being investigated. This nanofluid has practical applications in electronics cooling, solar energy systems, biomedical applications and water treatment, where it is used due to its enhanced thermal conductivity and antimicrobial properties. Design/methodology/approach A collection of partial differential equations (PDEs) serves as the governing equations for the flow problem. The PDEs are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using an appropriate similarity transformation. Following this, the linearized equations are numerically solved using the “bvp4c” Lobatto IIIA solver in MATLAB. In addition, the solution is visually represented for each parameter that affects the flow. Findings The present work offers a concise explanation of the variations in velocity, temperature and concentration profile. The primary velocity decreases, while the secondary velocity increases in tandem with the temperature profile as the magnitude of Darcy–Forchheimer increases. The temperature and concentration profiles tend to decrease as the thermal and solutal stratification increases, respectively. The thermal efficiency of the ternary fluid is increased by 18.12% and mass transfer is increased by 5.31% when compared to the nanofluid. Originality/value There is a dearth of research in heat and mass transfer analysis on a stagnated rotating ternary hybrid nanofluid flow across a porous stretching sheet with Darcy–Forchheimer and dual stratification effects. This study investigates the aforementioned effects on the flow of rotating Williamson (C2H6O2/CuO, TiO2, Ag) nanofluid over a porous stretching sheet. In addition, the results are corroborated by the existing literature in specific instances, and they are in good agreement.