SGLT2 Inhibitors May Restore Endothelial Barrier Interrupted by 25-Hydroxycholesterol

Figures

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  Figure 1. (A) The effect of SGLT2 inhibitors empagliflozin (1 µM), canagliflozin (1 µM), and dapagliflozin (1 µM) on the integrity of HUVECs. Data were collected by real-time cell electric impedance sensing system. (B) Representative plot from the real-time cell electric impedance sensing system, each line represents the mean of three wells of each condition.

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  Figure 2. (A) The effect of SGLT2 inhibitors empagliflozin (1 µM), canagliflozin (1 µM), and dapagliflozin (1 µM) on the integrity of HUVECs that are pre-stimulated with 25-OHC for 4 h. Data collected by real-time cell electric impedance sensing system. (B) Representative plot from the real-time cell electric impedance sensing system, each line represents the mean of three wells of each condition.

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  Figure 3. The expression and distribution of VE-cadherin in endothelial cells after treatment with 25-OHC and selected flozins. HUVEC cells were treated with medium (control), 10 μg/mL 25-OHC (4 h), followed by 24 h incubation with or without 1 μM dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, or canagliflozin. (A) Cells were stained for VE-cadherin (green) and DAPI (blue). (B) Quantification of VE-cadherin protein levels measured as mean fluorescence intensity in cell membrane (n = 30–40 cells). (C) Visualization by color mask (red) of all fluorescence points with intensity ≥1000. (D) The selected enlargements of a mature cell–cell junction (red frames). White scale bars represent 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and **** p < 0.0001.

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  Figure 4. Study protocol.