National innovation systems in developing countries: Barriers to university–industry collaboration in Egypt

The purpose of this article is to investigate the Egyptian national innovation system and its main components. It aims to identify the barriers and the drivers to university–industry collaboration. Four hypotheses are proposed to measure the barriers and drivers to university–industry collaboration. These hypotheses are tested using correlation analysis and Z test based on data collected from 162 companies from industrial areas and free zones around Cairo and Alexandria. The results of the study support the proposed four hypotheses.