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The crystallographic biography of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) connecting green methodologies, microstructural face-centered cubic (FCC) phase evolution. The structure of Ag NPs depend functional applications explores a unique, simple pathway as the main focus of this study. A thorough examination of advanced X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques is provided, encompassing Rietveld refinement for lattice parameters, various identical models to quantify crystallite size and lattice strain. Beyond the predominant FCC structure, formation mechanisms of metastable phases are also discussed. The review finds correlations between specific crystallographic parameters of Ag NPs derived from green synthesis, functional performance in biomedical and catalytic applications. The green route components control crystal growth by dominating the nucleation kinetics as well as the surface charge to govern grain growth, explored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, current standardization gaps and life cycle assessment (LCA) challenges are addressed to guide the future rational and sustainable design of phase-controlled Ag NPs.
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Miah et al. (2026) studied this question.
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