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The aim is to explore and summarize how off-the-ball behaviors in elite football are analyzed using spatiotemporal tracking data.

Off-the-ball behaviors in elite football using spatiotemporal tracking data: a scoping review

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The aim is to explore and summarize how off-the-ball behaviors in elite football are analyzed using spatiotemporal tracking data.
Systematic search following PRISMA-ScR across multiple databases including PubMed and Scopus.
Inclusion of peer-reviewed empirical studies focusing on elite players and analyzing off-the-ball behaviors.
Overall analysis of 7705 matches extracted from 32 eligible studies.
Most studies focused on defensive phases of play, revealing heterogeneity in methodological approaches.
Tracking systems generally sampled at 25 Hz, combining both positional and event data.
Research highlights limitations, including context-specific samples and the need for integrated frameworks.

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Scoping review summarizes tracking data analysis of off-the-ball behaviors in elite football, indicating future research directions.

Esposito et al. (2026) studied this question.

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