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This study aimed to examine the terminal anatomy of the phrenic nerve and its branching patterns at the diaphragm.

Terminal Anatomy of the Phrenic Nerve: Branching Patterns and Spatial Relationships at the Diaphragm

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This study aimed to examine the terminal anatomy of the phrenic nerve and its branching patterns at the diaphragm.
Examined 36 hemidiaphragms from 18 fresh human anatomical specimens.
Recorded the number and orientation of terminal branches and distances from branching points to the diaphragm.
Utilized a clock-face model for mapping branching orientation.
The right phrenic nerve produced an average of 3.5 branches (range 3–5), while the left produced 3.0 branches (range 1–7).
The shortest distance from the branching point to the diaphragm was significantly greater on the right (21.01 mm) compared to the left (10.74 mm), p < 0.001.
No branches were found exactly along the 9 o’clock axis, with anterolateral being the most frequent branching direction.

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Characterizes phrenic nerve branching and spatial anatomy at the diaphragm, indicating side-specific differences.

Aydın et al. (2026) studied this question.

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