A Spatial Theory: Unification of the Four Fundamental Forces

Since Isaac Newton formulated the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), and since Albert Einstein established special relativity (1905) and general relativity with its field equations (1915), modern physics has undergone nearly three centuries of vigorous development, becoming the most precise tool by which humanity understands the universe. However, with the rapid and extensive growth of modern science, the structure of modern physics has become increasingly complex, with mathematical difficulty increasing exponentially, while the pace of conceptual progress has gradually slowed. In Newton's era, physics was built upon the assumption of absolutely flat spacetime. In Einstein's era, the hypothesis of spacetime curvature was introduced. This paper introduces five fundamental concepts—Spatial Deformation, Spatial Elastic Base, Spatial Elastic Multiplier, Reactive Space Matter Force, and Active Matter Space Force—to redefine the nature of space, with the aim of resolving the long-standing problem of spatial ontology that has persisted for nearly three centuries, and addressing a significant gap in modern theoretical physics. Nevertheless, the calculations in this paper encounter a major difficulty: conventional calculations in classical physics implicitly rely on the dark matter hypothesis. As a result, our computation of the k depends critically on Observable Kinematic Acceleration and Observable Baryonic Matter Mass. Without these quantities, the k would reduce identically to unity. Consequently, Observable Kinematic Acceleration and Observable Baryonic Matter Mass constitute the two foundational pillars of this theory.