This article reviews the important emotional correlates of chronic antisocial behavior from the standpoint of primary and secondary psychopathy. Primary psychopaths exhibit a conspicuous lack of empathetic emotions and secondary psychopaths exhibit a conspicuous excess of inappropriate emotions. The article points out the relationship between passive-avoidance learning deficits and primary psychopathy and between central nervous system serotonergic dysfunction and primary and secondary psychopathy.
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Collins E. Lewis (1991) studied this question.