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Phosphorus and/or sulfur are additionally doped into N-doped carbon (NDC) using phosphoric acid and cysteine. The resulting catalysts demonstrate excellent oxygen reduction activities coupled with high stabilities in acidic media. Specially, additional S-doping in NDC reveals nearly 2.5 times higher activity than that of NDC at 0.75 V (vs. RHE).
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Choi et al. (2012) studied this question.
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