Women’s empowerment and rural transformation: a systematic literature review of institutions, policies, and investments (IPI’s) in developing countries

This study provides a systematic literature review examining the intersection of gender, rural transformation, and the roles of institutions, policies and investments (IPIs) in Developing Countries. Rural transformation, characterized by structural changes in livelihoods, agriculture and community dynamics, offers significant opportunities for women’s empowerment but also reveals persistent gender inequalities. Our analysis draws from 104 studies published between 2015 and 2024 that focused on the specific experiences of rural women. The findings demonstrate that institutions often act as both enablers and barriers to women’s economic participation and leadership. Investments in education, healthcare, and rural infrastructure have transformative potential; however, implementation challenges persist, particularly at the local level. The policies designed to promote gender equality often lack effectiveness because of sociocultural barriers and limited community engagement. This study contributes to the discourse by addressing the gap in research linking gender-focused rural transformation and by providing evidence-based recommendations for integrated and inclusive policy approaches. The analysis highlights the importance of localized strategies that align with social and economic institutions, investment, and policy interventions to achieve equitable and sustainable rural development.