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The specifi c genetic programs guide the formation and development of the embryonic head. Abnormal orofacial structures are seen as a result of changes in the genetics and environmental factors. The examples seen routinely in dental clinics include orofacial clefts. Therefore, the development of the therapies for orofacial pathological conditions depend very much on thorough and detailed knowledge about the molecular and cellular processes which are involved in the head formation.
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Begum et al. (2015) studied this question.
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