miRNAs Epigenetic Tuning of Wall Remodeling in the Early Phase after Myocardial Infarction: A Novel Epidrug Approach

Figures

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  Figure 1. Cardiac cell types and microenvironment. Schematic representation of myocardial tissue architecture, which is mainly supported by ECM proteins. The most relevant cell types present in the adult steady-state heart are shown. Created with BioRender.com.

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  Figure 2. Pro-proliferative miRNAs regulating heart development. Schematic representation of key signaling pathways involved in CMs regulation. Relevant miRNAs involved in cell proliferation are shown. Black: embryonic/neonatal; Blue: neonatal adult; Red: adult. Created with BioRender.com.

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  Figure 3. Anti-proliferative miRNAs regulating heart development. Schematic representation of the key signaling pathways involved in the regulation of CMs. Relevant miRNAs involved in the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic effect are shown. Black: embryonic/neonatal; Blue: neonatal adult; Red: adult. Created with BioRender.com.

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  Figure 4. MI etiopathogenesis. Schematic representation of the main risk factors for MI divided into atherosclerotic dependent (left panel) and non-atherosclerotic causes (right panel). Created with BioRender.com.

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  Figure 5. The inflammation phase. Schematic representation of the key cell subsets involved in the post-MI inflammatory phase, including neutrophils and M1-macrophages, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. miRNAs regulate various aspects of this phase: cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, both by activating CFs and by stimulating the fibroblast-to-myofibroblasts switch. The miRNAs involved in the regulation of the different processes are listed in the boxes. Created with BioRender.com.

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  Figure 6. The resolution phase. Schematic representation of the main events of the resolution phase regarding Treg recruitment, the anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages, the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, the deposition of ECM and the initiation of neo-angiogenesis. The miRNAs involved in the regulation of the different processes are listed in the boxes. Created with BioRender.com.

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  Figure 7. The maturation phase. Schematic representation of the maturation phase in which the ECM is stabilized with the release of collagen and matrix proteins, the neo vessels are coated with mural cells, to strengthen them, and part of the fibroblasts are transformed into matrifibroblasts involved in the scar stability. Adverse outcomes such as cardiac remodeling are regulated at this stage by miRNAs. Created with BioRender.com.