Therapies Targeted at Non-Coding RNAs in Prevention and Limitation of Myocardial Infarction and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling—Current Experience and Perspectives

Figure 1. Mechanism of action of miRNA (A) and lncRNA (B). * = miRNA fragment more close to 3′ end, 1 = mRNA degradation is a crucial mechanism of action of miRNA, other mechanisms, like translational repression or even translational activation, are also possible; abbreviations: RISC = RNA-induced silencing complex, TF = transcription factors, PRC2 = polycomb repressive complex 2, a complex with histone methyltransferase activity.

Figure 2. Examples of therapies targeted at ncRNA. Studies: (1) target miR-33 [82]; (2) target miR-33 [83]; (3) target miR33 [84]; (4) target miR-33 [43]; (5) target miR-98 [45]; (6) target miR-145 [59]; (7) target miR-145 [85]; (8) target miR-494 [86]; (9) target miR-494 [87]; (10) target miR-495 [88]. Numbers (in superscript): 1 = different dietary protocols; in study (2), normal chow diet for 2 weeks and Western diet (21% of fat) for 10 weeks; in study (3), Western diet for 12 weeks; 2 = Reversa mice is a transgenic mice (LdLr−/−Apob100/100Mttpfl/flMx1-Cre+/+), in which hypercholesterolemia can be reversed by Cre induction and subsequent Mttp gene inactivation [89]; 3 = pipC, polyinosinic polycytidylic RNA (pIpC), an agent used for Cre induction in Reversa mice model [90]; Asterisks: * = exact percentual changes not provided in the manuscript; ** = GSO, gene silencing oligonucleotide (synonym of ASO); *** = 3rd generation ASO are ASO modified with LNA (locked nucleic acids), PNA (peptic nucleic acids), or morpholinophosphoroamidate (MF) [91]. Abbreviations: 2′F/MOE = 2′ fluoro/methoxyethyl–modified, WD = Western diet (enriched with fat = 21%).