Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Athletes: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management

Introduction: Menstrual cycle disorders are a common and clinically significant health problem among female athletes. They occur more frequently in physically active women than in the general population and are often associated with low energy availability, excessive training load, and psychosocial stress. These disturbances may impair reproductive health, bone metabolism, and overall athletic performance. Objective: To review the current scientific literature on the prevalence, causes, clinical classification, and management of menstrual cycle disorders in female athletes. Methods: A narrative review of recent scientific literature was conducted using peer-reviewed studies, review articles, and clinical recommendations concerning menstrual dysfunction in physically active women. The review focused on the epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic approach, and current management strategies for menstrual cycle disorders in female athletes. Conclusions: Menstrual cycle disorders in female athletes represent an important clinical and public health issue and should not be regarded as a normal consequence of sports participation. Early identification, restoration of energy balance, multidisciplinary support, and individualized management are crucial to improve both long-term health outcomes and athletic performance. Greater awareness among athletes, coaches, and healthcare professionals is necessary to ensure effective prevention and timely intervention.