Not only the goals of planning, but its internal structure as well needs changing. At present, it perpetuates elitist, centralizing, and change-resistant tendencies. A new paradigm rising to challenge the “rational-comprehensive” model of modern planning is based on systems change and the realization of a decentralized communal society that facilitates human development in the context of an ecological ethic by evolutionary social experimentation. Planning in the radical sense is the facilitation of this change through a dialectical synthesis of rational action and spontaneity.
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Grabow et al. (1973) studied this question.
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